Non-Rationalised Civics / Political Science NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th)
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Class 9th Chapters
1. What Is Democracy? Why Democracy?	2. Constitutional Design	3. Electoral Politics
4. Working Of Institutions	5. Democratic Rights

Class 9th Civics NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)

1. What Is Democracy? Why Democracy?

This chapter introduces the concept of **democracy**, providing a simple definition: "a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people." It then explores different features that distinguish democracy from non-democratic forms of government, such as free and fair elections, rule of law, and respect for rights. The chapter also discusses the arguments for and against democracy, explaining **why democracy** is considered a preferable form of government for many countries, including India, highlighting its advantages like accountability, dignity, and ability to handle differences and conflicts peacefully and effectively.

2. Constitutional Design

This chapter explores how **constitutions** are designed and their vital importance for a democratic state. It discusses the process of drafting a constitution by a Constituent Assembly, using the example of **South Africa's** struggle against apartheid and the making of its democratic constitution. The chapter then focuses on the making of the **Indian Constitution**, discussing the historical context, the role of leaders in the freedom struggle, and the guiding values enshrined in its Preamble (justice, liberty, equality, fraternity). Key features like fundamental rights and directive principles are introduced, explaining how the constitution provides a framework for governance and safeguards democracy.

3. Electoral Politics

This chapter explains the system of **elections** in a democracy, which serves as the mechanism for people to choose their representatives and form a government. It discusses why elections are considered essential for a representative democracy. The process of elections in **India** is detailed, including constituencies (e.g., Lok Sabha constituencies), voters' lists, election campaigns, and the crucial role of the independent **Election Commission of India** in conducting free and fair elections. Concepts like universal adult franchise (right to vote for all adults) and procedures for ensuring fair elections are highlighted, explaining how citizens exercise their power.

4. Working Of Institutions

This chapter explains how the key institutions of a democratic government function and interact with each other. It focuses on the roles of the **Legislature** (making laws, e.g., Parliament in India), the **Executive** (implementing laws and running the administration, e.g., government ministers and officials), and the **Judiciary** (administering justice, upholding the law, protecting rights, e.g., Supreme Court). The chapter discusses how major political decisions are made and implemented within this framework and the importance of checks and balances between these institutions to ensure accountability and prevent the misuse of power, crucial for the effective functioning of India's democracy.

5. Democratic Rights

This chapter explores the concept of **rights** that are essential for living a life of dignity and freedom in a democratic society. It focuses on the **Fundamental Rights** guaranteed to citizens by the **Indian Constitution**, such as the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom (including freedom of speech and expression), Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and the Right to Constitutional Remedies (allowing enforcement through courts). The chapter explains the significance of these rights as safeguards against state power and discusses how citizens can approach courts to seek justice when their rights are violated, highlighting the importance of rights for a vibrant democracy.